Improving health outcomes for women and babies at higher risk of complications during pregnancy and birth

What is the health problem? 

Maternity care for mothers and babies in the UK is of high quality overall, but could and should be more consistent and provide greater equity of outcomes. Around 8% of babies in the UK are born prematurely - about 60,000 babies each year. This is higher than many countries in Europe. Babies born prematurely may need special care, are more likely to have developmental problems early in their life, and to develop health problems as adults. 

There are also major disparities in maternal health outcomes for women belonging to ethnic minorities and those living in disadvantaged areas. For example, Black women in the UK have higher maternal death rates than white women, and a higher risk of miscarriage, giving birth prematurely and stillbirth.   

Establishing the evidence on the benefits of alternative models of maternity care

Researchers in the ARC’s maternity and perinatal mental health theme have been leading research to explore how health outcomes for women and babies at risk of complications can be improved.

In 2016, Professor Jane Sandall, the ARC’s maternity and perinatal mental health theme lead, and professor of women’s health & social sciences, King’s College London, led an influential international review into the evidence on models of midwifery continuity of care. These models involve the same midwife or small team of midwives providing care for a woman during her pregnancy, birth, and after birth, helping to build a continuous caring relationship between the woman and her midwives.  

The review (Cochrane, April 2016) showed that women who had midwifery continuity of care were:

• 19% less likely to lose their baby before 24 weeks
• 24% less likely to have a premature baby, and
• 16% less likely to lose their baby overall (combined reduction in fetal loss and neonatal death).

This work has had significant impact on health policy. At the international level, it informed the WHO’s guidance on pregnancy and childbirth care. At the national level, it informed NHS England’s plans announced in March 2018 to introduce continuity of midwife care for most women in England by 2021. Models of midwifery continuity of care are now recommended in international guidance and are at the heart of maternity policy in the UK (one such model, based in Lambeth, is pictured below). 

What has been the impact? 

• The ARC’s maternity research has been cited widely in policy, including in the Department for Health and Social Care’s strategy ‘Safer Maternity Care’ (December 2017), NICE intrapartum care guidance (2017),  the World Health Organization’s (WHO) antenatal guidance (2016) Transitioning to midwifery models of care: global position paper (2024) Implementation guidance on transitioning to midwifery models of care (2025) and ,  
• The ARC’s systematic review of midwife continuity of care model (updated 2024) was cited in the NHS Long Term Plan and informed NHS England’s report: Saving Babies Lives Care Bundle version 2, providing evidence for the benefits of midwifery-led continuity of carer for women, particularly those from Black, Asian and minority ethnic communities living in areas of high social disadvantage. 
• The ARC's research on specialist midwife continuity models of maternity care for women with social risk factors has been cited in the NHS Equity and Equality guidance for local maternity systems, NHS Implementing Better Births strategy, Royal College of Midwives position statements on midwifery continuity of carer and women with severe and multiple disadvantage, and the NHS Race and Health Observatory’s review of ethnic inequalities in healthcare. 

Since then, the ARC’s researchers have been aiming to better understand the possible benefits of models of maternity care that emphasise the quality and continuity of caring relationships for diverse groups of women, including women at risk of preterm birth, women living with social risk factors, and women belonging to ethnic minorities or living in disadvantaged areas of south London. 

Since then, the ARC’s researchers have been aiming to better understand the possible benefits of models of maternity care that emphasise the quality and continuity of caring relationships for diverse groups of women, including women at risk of preterm birth, women living with social risk factors, and women belonging to ethnic minorities or living in disadvantaged areas of south London.

First trial of continuity of midwife care for women at risk of preterm birth

The ARC researchers, led by Professor Jane Sandall and research fellow Dr Cristina Fernandez Turienzo, conducted the first trial in the world of a continuity of midwife care model specifically designed for women at higher risk of preterm birth, an area of healthcare in which there is little research evidence. This was a feasibility study to show whether the model of care could be delivered.

Working with the Department of Public Health at Lewisham Council and Lewisham Clinical Commissioning Group, the ARC team set up a new service with Lewisham Hospital in south London that was designed to better support women who have a higher risk of preterm birth.

Between May 2017 and October 2018, 334 women were recruited to the trial – 169 women under the care of the POPPIE team and 165 receiving standard care. The results of the trial showed it was feasible and practical to deliver this new model of care with no difference in adverse outcomes for women or their babies. 

The trial showed that babies born to women being cared for by the POPPIE team were more likely to have skin-to-skin contact after birth, and to breastfeed immediately after birth. The POPPIE model was also experienced positively by both participants and midwives.

Jessica George, a service user (pictured below) who was part of the POPPIE trial, explained how she went into labour at 23 weeks. “It was a very scary experience. But when I got to the hospital it was a friendly face who I’d seen many times who met me and that puts your mind at ease.”

In addition, Lia Brigante, consultant midwife researcher and the research team explored women's experience of their maternity care and found that compared with standard maternity care, women who received care from the POPPIE team reported greater trust in their midwives, increased perceptions of safety and quality of care. 

The researchers also conducted a realist review of previous research to understand some of the reasons why midwifery continuity of care reduces preterm birth in pregnant women. The review identified several interrelated factors including: 

• Midwifery continuity of care resulted in a sense of true partnership between midwives and women, which affected how maternity care was accessed and experienced – for example, improving personalised support for women to inform their pregnancy and childbirth choices.
• Midwifery continuity of care led to fewer women ‘falling through the gaps’ in the maternity system and more consistent care.  

The review highlighted that it was vital that health services provided sufficient resources, staffing, addressed institutional racism, and engaged with and supported staff effectively to deliver continuity of midwife care. 

Comparing specialist midwife continuity models of maternity care for women with social risk factors

Recent national reports have highlighted how women with social risk factors – such as being a young mother, living in poverty, being a migrant or refugee, experiencing mental illness, substance abuse, or belonging to a minority ethnic group – are over 50% more likely to end in stillbirth or neonatal death and carry an increased risk of premature birth and maternal death.  

The ARC’s researchers initiated new research to examine and compare different models of maternity care that could improve clinical outcomes and experiences for Black and minority ethnic women and those living with social risk factors. This research has been led by Dr Hannah Rayment-Jones, an experienced midwife and research fellow at King’s College London. 

Highlighting the lack of knowledge in this area Dr Rayment-Jones says: “We wanted to understand the underlying causes of these maternal health inequalities, and what models of care may improve women’s outcomes and how.”

Dr Rayment-Jones’ research (Project20) evaluated two specialist models of continuity of midwife care for women with social risk factors. One model was based in a community health centre in a deprived area, in which all pregnant women living in the area received continuity of care from a team of six midwives. The other was based in a large inner-city hospital in which women with social risk factors received care from a named one-to-one midwife. Both models provided continuity of midwife care before, during and after pregnancy.

Discussing the findings of her research, Dr Rayment-Jones said: 

Women who experienced both specialist models described feeling more able to discuss their needs, and feeling more confident in, and likely to follow, advice from a midwife they know and trust. Continuity of midwife care reduced women’s anxiety throughout pregnancy, and made it easier for women to seek timely help. Women described how the specialist model midwives knew their medical and social history and how this improved safety and helped to create a support network. 

Care set in the community and delivered by a small team of known midwives appeared to enhance these benefits by creating safe and familiar spaces that women could easily access and engage with each other. This was also associated with improved clinical outcomes . 

Dr Rayment-Jones’ research highlights how specialist models of care can help to address health inequalities by providing practical and emotional support, referring women to local support services, and by sharing evidence-based information to enable women to actively participate in their maternity care. However, Dr Rayment-Jones stresses that these specialist models of care cannot overcome all inequalities without improvements in wider society and the maternity system as a whole.  

Describing the benefits of the specialist models of care two women who had used them said:

The value of a trusting relationship developed over time was highlighted by a midwife delivering one of the models:   

Findings from a community-based continuity of care model in a deprived area of Lambeth for women with social risk factors

As well as exploring the benefits of alternative models of care and the causes of inequalities in maternal care, the ARC team have also carried out a retrospective study to analyse the clinical outcomes for women with social risk factors living in a deprived area of Lambeth who received a community-based midwifery continuity of care model (known as the LEAP model, pictured at the top of the page and below).    

The research showed that the LEAP model of care significantly reduced preterm birth and birth by caesarean birth when compared with those receiving usual maternity care in Lambeth:

• Reduced preterm birth rate in women allocated to caseload midwifery, compared with those who received traditional midwifery care (5.1% vs 11.2%)
• Caesarean births significantly reduced in women allocated to caseload midwifery care, when compared with traditional midwifery care (24.3% vs 38.0%). This includes emergency caesarean deliveries (15.2% vs 22.5%).

Professor Jane Sandall continues: “Our current research is following women and their babies for the first year of life to explore the longer term impact of this very targeted model of care. These findings, as well as our other NIHR-funded research, are informing the rollout and implementation of targeted midwife continuity of care for these groups in the NHS Long Term Plan and Equity Strategy and the Core20PLUS5 approach to reduce inequalities.”

Using linked data to compare outcomes of midwife continuity of care with standard care

The research team carried out a study analysing data from 2018 - 2020, where a quarter of the women received community-based care from midwives and others received standard care. The study looked at data from 6,600 pregnancies in south London, an area with high ethnic diversity and social disadvantage. The research published in the BJOG: An international Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology  (Jan 2026) showed:

• Women who received continuous care from community-based midwives have a 45% reduced risk of preterm birth in comparison with those who received standard care
• The risk of preterm birth among women from Black, Asian, and other ethnic minority backgrounds was significantly reduced from 9.5% to 6.4%.
• The risk of preterm birth is also reduced for women in the most socially deprived areas (8.2% to 5.1%).

Researchers also found that women who received community-based continuity of midwife care had an increased rate of spontaneous vaginal delivery, were less likely to miss their antenatal appointments and more likely to receive necessary referrals to mental health support.

Using national clinical data to explore impact of midwife continuity of care on stillbirth rate 

This large study (2025) used national clinical data on 922,000 women of stillbirth rates and rates of a first feed of breast milk. We compared women placed in a midwife continuity of care team with women receiving standard care. Women on a midwife continuity of carer pathway have a higher first feed of breast milk rate (p < 0.001), but do not show a difference in stillbirth rate, compared to women receiving standard care. However, Black women on this pathway have lower stillbirth rates (p = 0.047) compared to Black women receiving standard care. 

Informing policy through evidence: 

• The ARC’s maternity research has been cited widely in policy, including in the Department for Health and Social Care’s strategy ‘Safer Maternity Care’ (December 2017), NICE intrapartum care guidance (2017), and the World Health Organization’s (WHO) antenatal guidance (2016) and position paper on transitioning to midwifery models of care (2024) and ) Implementation guidance on transitioning to midwifery models of care (2025). 
• The ARC’s midwife continuity of care model (updated 2024) was cited in the NHS Long Term Plan and informed NHS England’s report: Saving Babies Lives Care Bundle version 2, providing evidence for the benefits of midwifery-led continuity of carer for women, particularly those from Black, Asian and minority ethnic communities living in areas of high social disadvantage. 
• Dr Rayment-Jones’ research has been cited in the NHS Equity and Equality guidance for local maternity systems, NHS Implementing Better Births strategy, Royal College of Midwives position statements on midwifery continuity of carer and women with severe and multiple disadvantage, and the NHS Race and Health Observatory’s review of ethnic inequalities in healthcare. 

Find out more

Evidence on models of midwifery continuity of carer

• Cochrane review:  Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women (2024)
• News: Study suggests continuity of midwife care can improve outcomes for Black women and support uptake of breastfeeding (2025)
• Paper: Impact of midwife continuity of carer on stillbirth rate and first feed in England (2025)
• Paper: The Impact of community-based midwife continuity of care models for women living in areas of social disadvantage and ethnic diversity in the United Kingdom: A prospective cohort study (2026)

Results from the POPPIE trial in Lewisham 

• Midwifery continuity of care versus standard maternity care for women at increased risk of preterm birth: A hybrid implementation–effectiveness, randomised controlled pilot trial in the UK (2020)
• Experiences of maternity care among women at increased risk of preterm birth receiving midwifery continuity of care compared to women receiving standard care: Results from the POPPIE pilot trial (2020)
• A realist review to explore how midwifery continuity of care may influence preterm birth in pregnant women (2021)

Comparing specialist continuity models of maternity care for women with social risk factors

• How do women with social risk factors experience United Kingdom maternity care? A realist synthesis (2019)
• Project 20: Midwives' insight into continuity of care models for women with social risk factors: what works, for whom, in what circumstances, and how (2020)
• Project20: Does continuity of care and community-based antenatal care improve maternal and neonatal birth outcomes for women with social risk factors? A prospective, observational study (2021)
• Project20: interpreter services for pregnant women with social risk factors in England: what works, for whom, in what circumstances, and how? (2021)
• Dr Hannah Rayment-Jones shares insights from Project 20 in this video for the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (2025)

Findings from a community-based continuity of care model in Lambeth

• Can birth outcome inequality be reduced using targeted caseload midwifery in a deprived diverse inner city population? A retrospective cohort study, London, UK (2021)
• What's it like being a LEAP midwife? Watch the video
• Women who experienced LEAP midwife care team talk about the experience. Watch the video
• Presentation: Improving equity in maternity care: lessons from the Lambeth Early Action Partnership (LEAP) (Oct 22)

Working with clinicians, service users, researchers and policymakers

• Watch a recording of three presentations at our recent event exploring the latest research evidence on midwifery continuity of carer
• Presentation: Organising public voices in support of maternity continuity of carer, International Normal Labour and Birth Research Conference held in Aarhus, Denmark, 14 September 2022
• View our published blogs, papers, reports and presentations.